Honoring Indigenous Knowledge and Stewardship of Biodiversity
Across the globe, Indigenous and local communities have long held deep, reciprocal relationships with the lands, waters, and wildlife that sustain us. This traditional dependence on biological diversity is not only cultural, it is foundational to the survival, identity, and sovereignty of Indigenous Peoples.
Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), passed down through generations, plays a vital role in conserving and sustainably using the world’s biodiversity. Native Movement commits to respecting, preserving, and promoting this knowledge, and ensuring that Indigenous communities share equitably in the benefits that arise from its use.
Most Indigenous communities live in areas rich in genetic and ecological diversity. For thousands of years, we have cared for these places in ways that are sustainable, holistic, and rooted in deep cultural understanding. Yet, development projects on Indigenous lands and waters often threaten these lifeways, with long-term impacts on ecosystems, livelihoods, and cultural heritage.
Our work includes assessing the cultural, environmental, and social impacts of proposed developments, especially those affecting sacred sites and traditionally used territories and ensuring Indigenous voices are central in decision-making, that TEK is respected, and that development does not come at the cost of cultural survival or ecological integrity.
We encourage all who work in conservation, policy, and development to use TEK alongside other biodiversity and environmental assessment tools. Together, we can uphold Indigenous rights, protect the natural world, and build a future rooted in respect, reciprocity, and responsibility.
Stay Involved
Use the calendar to track important meetings and deadlines. Participate in person, online, or by submitting public comments.
State Fish and Wildlife Management
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What It Is:
The Alaska Board of Game is a seven-member public board that sets hunting and wildlife regulations across the state. Members are appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the legislature. Each serves a three-year term, and there are no term limits. Importantly, there are no seats designated for Tribes or tribal organizations, despite the board’s decisions directly impacting Indigenous lands, wildlife, and subsistence practices.What the Board Does:
The BOG makes decisions that shape wildlife management statewide. These include:Opening and closing hunting and trapping seasons
Setting bag limits and harvest quotas
Defining legal methods and means for hunting
Establishing game management areas and predator control zones
Making allocative decisions—who gets access to wildlife resources and how much
Setting population objectives and management priorities.
These decisions are regulatory, meaning they become law once adopted. The Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) is responsible for implementing and enforcing these regulations.
Meeting Cycle & Scope:
The Board meets 2–3 times per year, typically between October and March, rotating locations across Alaska. It follows a three-year regional cycle to review proposals for different wildlife management areas. Emergency actions can be taken outside this cycle if needed.Why It Matters for Tribes:
The Board of Game makes decisions that directly affect moose, caribou, bears, and other culturally and nutritionally vital species. Yet, Tribes currently have no formal representation. Engaging in this system is essential to protect tribal hunting rights, uphold food sovereignty, and ensure that Indigenous knowledge informs sustainable wildlife management. -
What It Is:
The Alaska Board of Fisheries is a seven-member public board that sets regulations for all state-managed fisheries, including subsistence, commercial, sport, guided sport, and personal use. Members are appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Legislature. Each serves a three-year term, with no term limits. As of now, there are no seats formally designated for Tribes or tribal organizations, though a pending bill (HB 125) proposes adding subsistence and science seats nominated by tribal and federal entities.The BOF is responsible for:
Opening and closing fishing seasons
Setting harvest quotas, bag limits, and escapement goals
Defining legal gear types and fishing methods
Making allocative decisions—who gets access to fish and how much
Establishing fishery management areas and conservation policies
Setting policy and direction for the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) to implement.
These decisions are regulatory, meaning they become law once adopted. The ADF&G then manages fisheries based on these regulations, including in-season adjustments to protect spawning and ensure sustainability.
Meeting Cycle & Scope:
The Board meets 4–6 times per year, typically between October and March, rotating locations across Alaska. It follows a three-year regional cycle to review proposals for different fishery areas. Emergency actions can be taken outside this cycle if needed.Why It Matters for Tribes:
The Board of Fisheries makes decisions that directly affect salmon, whitefish, and other culturally and nutritionally vital species. Yet, Tribes currently have no formal representation. Engaging in this system is essential to protect tribal fishing rights, uphold food sovereignty, and ensure that Indigenous knowledge informs sustainable management. -
What They Are:
Advisory Committees (ACs) are local, volunteer-based groups that provide grassroots input on fish and wildlife management. There are 84 ACs across six regions of Alaska, each representing the unique knowledge, needs, and priorities of their communities. ACs are established by the Joint Board of Fisheries and Game and supported by the Alaska Department of Fish & Game (ADF&G).What ACs Do:
Develop and review regulatory proposals for the Board of Fisheries and Board of Game
Make formal recommendations on fish and wildlife issues
Provide a local forum for discussion, education, and advocacy
Consult with agencies, organizations, and the public
Share traditional, local, and technical knowledge to inform state decisions.
ACs meet at least twice a year, and meetings are open to the public. Many ACs now offer hybrid or virtual options, making it easier for tribal members and rural residents to participate.
How ACs Influence State Decisions:
ACs are the first line of input into Alaska’s fish and wildlife regulatory system. Their recommendations are forwarded to the Board of Fisheries or Board of Game for consideration. While boards are not required to adopt AC recommendations, they must formally respond if they choose not to follow them.ACs also play a role in emergency closures during established seasons. The ADF&G Commissioner may delegate this authority to ACs, giving them a direct role in protecting local resources.
Why It Matters for Tribes:
ACs are one of the most accessible and impactful ways for Tribes to engage in state fish and wildlife management. They offer a platform to:Advocate for subsistence protections
Elevate Indigenous knowledge and stewardship
Influence decisions before they reach the state boards
Build coalitions with other local users and allies
Tribal members can join ACs, attend meetings, submit proposals, and help shape the future of fish and wildlife management in their region.
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What It Is:
The Alaska Department of Fish and Game is the state agency responsible for managing Alaska’s fish, wildlife, and habitat resources. ADF&G operates under the Alaska Constitution’s sustained yield principle, meaning it must ensure long-term sustainability of fish and wildlife populations while supporting public use and economic benefit.ADF&G is not a regulatory body, it does not make laws or regulations. Instead, it implements the decisions made by the Board of Fisheries and Board of Game, using biological data, monitoring, and enforcement to manage fish and wildlife across the state.
What the Department Does:
Conducts biological research and stock assessments
Manages hunting, fishing, and trapping seasons based on board regulations
Issues licenses, permits, and harvest reports
Protects habitat through permitting and restoration programs
Provides public education, outreach, and safety training
Supports over 80 local Fish & Game Advisory Committees
Upholds Alaska’s sovereignty in managing its natural resources
ADF&G is organized into five divisions:
Commercial Fisheries
Sport Fish
Wildlife Conservation
Subsistence
Administrative Services
It also includes the Boards Support Section, which facilitates the public process for the Board of Fisheries and Board of Game.
Why It Matters for Tribes:
ADF&G plays a central role in how fish and wildlife are managed day-to-day, including subsistence access, predator control, and habitat protection. While the agency does consult with Tribes, there is no formal co-management structure at the state level. Tribal advocates can work with ADF&G staff, biologists, and regional coordinators to share Indigenous knowledge, raise concerns, and build relationships that influence management decisions. -
What It Is:
The proposal process is how Alaska residents, including Tribes, tribal organizations, advisory committees, and individuals, can formally suggest changes to state regulations governing hunting, trapping, and fishing. These proposals can address subsistence access, conservation concerns, predator control, gear types, seasons, quotas, and more.This is one of the most direct ways to influence wildlife and fisheries policy and assert tribal stewardship.
Step-by-Step Overview:
1. Call for Proposals
Each board operates on a three-year regional cycle, reviewing regulations by geographic area. A Call for Proposals is issued before each cycle, outlining:
What topics are open for change
Which regions or species are under review
The submission deadline
2. Write Your Proposal
Use the official proposal form for the relevant board. You’ll need to:
Clearly describe the issue and your proposed change
Explain why the change is needed (biological, cultural, or practical reasons)
Include your name, organization (if applicable), contact info, and specify the region or Game Management Unit (GMU) or fishery affected
Tip: Work with your local Fish & Game Advisory Committee to strengthen your proposal. These committees often submit proposals and their support can influence the Board’s decisions.
3. Submit Your Proposal
You can submit proposals:
Online via the Boards Support website
By mail to ADF&G Boards Support Section, P.O. Box 115526, Juneau, AK 99811-5526
By fax to (907) 465-6094
Attachments like maps or photos are allowed, but web links and multimedia will not be included in the official proposal book.
4. Proposal Review & Publication
After the deadline:
Proposals are compiled into a Proposal Book and distributed statewide
Advisory Committees, ADF&G staff, and the public review and comment
Written comments are accepted up to two weeks before the meeting where the proposal will be heard
5. Board Meetings & Deliberation
At the board meeting:
ADF&G staff present biological and management info
Advisory Committees share recommendations
The public can testify in person
The Board deliberates and votes to adopt, reject, or amend proposals
Approved proposals become regulations after legal review.
Other Ways to Submit Proposals
Agenda Change Requests (ACRs)
If your issue is urgent and not part of the current cycle, you can submit an ACR. These are reviewed in a special teleconference meeting.
Emergency Petitions
In rare cases, you can submit an emergency petition if a situation meets strict criteria for immediate action. These are rarely approved but can be powerful when justified.
Why It Matters for Tribes:
This process allows Tribes to advocate for subsistence protections, integrate Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), and challenge inequitable regulations. Tribal proposals can shape policy, assert sovereignty, and ensure Indigenous voices are heard in wildlife and fisheries management. -
What It Does:
This article enshrines Alaska’s commitment to public access and sustainable use of natural resources. Key provisions include:§ 2: Resources must be managed for the maximum benefit of the people.
§ 3: Fish and wildlife are reserved for common use.
§ 4: Resources must be managed on a sustained yield basis.
§ 15: No exclusive right of fishery, though limited entry is allowed for conservation and economic reasons.
Why It Matters for Tribes:
While the Constitution supports public access and sustainability, it does not recognize a subsistence priority for rural or Indigenous users under state law, creating tension with ANILCA. -
Key Sections:
AS 16.05.221: Establishes the Boards of Fisheries and Game, each with seven members appointed by the Governor.
AS 16.05.251 (BOF) & AS 16.05.255 (BOG): Grants regulatory authority to adopt rules on seasons, bag limits, gear types, and conservation areas.
AS 16.05.260: Establishes the Advisory Committee system for local input.
AS 16.05.258: Addresses subsistence use areas and joint board actions.
Why It Matters for Tribes:
These statutes define how fish and wildlife are managed at the state level. They do not guarantee tribal representation on the boards, and Alaska’s subsistence law does not align with ANILCA’s rural priority. Tribal advocates must engage through proposals, testimony, and advisory committees to influence these systems.
Federal Fish and Wildlife Management
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What It Is:
The Federal Subsistence Board is the decision-making body that oversees the Federal Subsistence Management Program in Alaska. It was established under Title VIII of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) to ensure that rural Alaskans have priority access to fish and wildlife for subsistence on federal public lands and waters.What the Board Does:
The FSB sets regulations for subsistence hunting, fishing, and trapping on federal lands in Alaska. Its responsibilities include:Opening and closing seasons
Setting harvest limits and gear restrictions
Making Customary & Traditional Use (C&T) determinations
Defining rural and non-rural areas
Responding to emergency requests and special actions
Reviewing proposals and public comments
Ensuring compliance with ANILCA’s subsistence priority
Board Composition:
The FSB includes both federal agency representatives and public members:Federal Members:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
National Park Service
Bureau of Land Management
Bureau of Indian Affairs
U.S. Forest Service
Public Members:
Five rural subsistence users, including three nominated by federally recognized Tribes in Alaska
Chairperson with direct experience in rural subsistence, appointed by the Secretaries of Interior and Agriculture
How Tribes Can Engage:
Nominate Board Members:
Federally recognized Tribes can nominate public members to serve on the FSB, ensuring Indigenous representation and lived experience in decision-making.Submit Proposals:
Tribes and tribal organizations can submit proposals to change federal subsistence regulations. These are reviewed on a two-year cycle (odd years for fish/shellfish, even years for wildlife).Participate in Regional Advisory Councils (RACs):
There are 10 RACs across Alaska. These councils advise the FSB and include tribal members. They hold public meetings twice a year.Request Special Actions or Reconsiderations:
Tribes can submit emergency requests, cultural permits, or ask the Board to reconsider decisions.Engage in Tribal Consultation:
The FSB and Office of Subsistence Management (OSM) conduct formal consultations with Tribes on policy changes, regulations, and priorities.Why It Matters for Tribes:
The FSB is the only regulatory body in Alaska with formal tribal representation. It manages subsistence on federal lands, which are often the last refuge for Indigenous hunting and fishing rights. Tribal engagement ensures that Indigenous Knowledge, food sovereignty, and cultural practices are protected in federal decision-making. -
What They Are:
Regional Advisory Councils are federally chartered bodies that give rural Alaskans—especially subsistence users—a formal voice in managing fish and wildlife on federal public lands. There are 10 RACs across Alaska, each representing a distinct geographic region.They were created under Title VIII of ANILCA to ensure that local knowledge and subsistence priorities guide federal decision-making.
Key Roles of RACs:
Advise the Federal Subsistence Board (FSB) on regulations, closures, and special actions
Review and recommend on proposals affecting subsistence use
Provide a public forum for subsistence concerns and community input
Submit annual reports to the FSB
Participate in tribal consultations and fisheries monitoring plans
Make determinations on customary and traditional use, rural status, and resource allocation when restrictions are needed
Council Composition:
Each RAC has 10–13 members
At least 70% must be subsistence users; the remaining may represent sport or commercial interests
Members are Alaska residents with knowledge of local subsistence practices
Appointed by the Secretary of the Interior, with input from the Secretary of Agriculture
Serve 3-year terms and typically meet twice a year for 3–5 days
Why It Matters for Tribes:
RACs are one of the few formal venues where Indigenous knowledge and subsistence priorities are given deference in federal management decisions
Under Section 805(c) of ANILCA, the Federal Subsistence Board must give deference to RAC recommendations unless there is a clear reason not to [doi.gov]
RACs help ensure that subsistence users—not just agencies—shape policy affecting their lands, waters, and food systems
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What It Is:
The Department of the Interior (DOI) is the federal agency responsible for managing the United States’ public lands, natural resources, and upholding the federal trust responsibility to American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes. In Alaska, DOI plays a central role in subsistence management, tribal consultation, and co-stewardship of fish and wildlife.DOI’s Role in Alaska Subsistence & Wildlife Management
DOI oversees several bureaus and programs that directly impact Alaska Native communities:
Office of Subsistence Management (OSM): Administers the Federal Subsistence Management Program and supports the Federal Subsistence Board (FSB) and Regional Advisory Councils. [doi.gov]
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS): Manages wildlife refuges and endangered species, and supports tribal co-stewardship and subsistence protections. [fws.gov]
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA): Provides funding, technical assistance, and advocacy for tribal subsistence rights and natural resource management. [bia.gov]
Bureau of Land Management (BLM): Oversees millions of acres of federal land in Alaska, including areas used for subsistence hunting and fishing.
Federal Subsistence Management Program
DOI jointly administers the Federal Subsistence Management Program with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. This program was created under Title VIII of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) to ensure rural residents—especially Alaska Natives—have priority access to fish and wildlife for subsistence on federal lands. [bia.gov]
Key Components:
Federal Subsistence Board (FSB): Makes regulatory decisions for subsistence use on federal lands.
Regional Advisory Councils (RACs): Provide local input and recommendations.
OSM Staff: Includes biologists, anthropologists, and tribal liaisons who support the regulatory process and tribal engagement.
Tribal Engagement & Co-Stewardship
DOI is legally and ethically committed to government-to-government consultation with Tribes. Under Executive Order 13175 and Secretarial Orders 3403 and 3413, DOI must:
Consult Tribes on decisions affecting subsistence, land, and wildlife
Support tribal co-management and co-stewardship agreements
Incorporate Indigenous Knowledge into federal decision-making [fws.gov]
In 2024, DOI strengthened tribal representation on the Federal Subsistence Board by adding three new seats nominated by Alaska Tribes, ensuring Indigenous voices are central to subsistence policy. [usda.gov]
Recent Changes
In 2025, DOI transferred the Office of Subsistence Management from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Policy, Management, and Budget, elevating its visibility and independence. This change was made in response to tribal advocacy and aims to improve responsiveness to Alaska Native subsistence needs.
Why It Matters for Tribes:
DOI decisions directly affect access to fish, wildlife, and lands that are vital to Alaska Native cultures, food security, and sovereignty. Tribal advocates can engage with DOI through:Proposal submissions to the Federal Subsistence Board
Tribal consultations and listening sessions
Co-management agreements
Funding opportunities for subsistence research and restoration
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What It Is:
The NPFMC is one of eight regional councils established under the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA) to manage fisheries in federal waters (3 to 200 miles offshore) off the coast of Alaska. It oversees some of the largest and most economically valuable fisheries in the U.S., including pollock, cod, halibut, crab, and groundfish in the Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska, and Aleutian Islands.What the Council Does: The NPFMC develops and recommends regulations to NOAA Fisheries for:
Setting harvest quotas and catch limits
Managing bycatch (e.g., salmon, halibut, crab)
Defining gear types and fishing seasons
Protecting marine habitats and ecosystems
Creating limited entry and quota programs
Monitoring and enforcement systems
Supporting community development and access
These decisions are based on scientific data and public input, and they directly affect subsistence, commercial, and recreational fisheries across Alaska
Council Structure:
15 Members Total
11 Voting Members: Appointed by the Secretary of Commerce, including representatives from Alaska, Washington, Oregon, NOAA, and industry sectors.
4 Non-Voting Members: Represent federal agencies like the U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, and State Department.
Tribal Representation:
Currently, there are no designated tribal seats on the Council. Tribal concerns are often filtered through state agencies or public testimony, which has led to calls for direct representation.Why It Matters for Tribes: The NPFMC has enormous influence over salmon bycatch, trawl impacts, and access to marine resources that are vital to Alaska Native subsistence and cultural practices. Yet, Indigenous communities have no formal voice in Council decisions.
Tribal leaders and organizations, including TCC, AVCP, Kawerak, and Tlingit & Haida, have repeatedly called for:
Voting tribal seats
Bycatch accountability
Recognition of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK)
Subsistence protections in federal fisheries policy
Key Programs & Issues:
Community Development Quota (CDQ) Program: Created by the Council to give Western Alaska communities access to Bering Sea fisheries and promote economic development.
Chum & Chinook Salmon Bycatch: A major issue in the Bering Sea pollock fishery, with devastating impacts on Yukon and Kuskokwim River communities.
Climate Change & Ecosystem-Based Management: The Council is shifting toward ecosystem-based approaches, but tribal knowledge and climate resilience strategies are still underrepresented.
How Tribes Can Engage:
Submit public comments
Testify at Council meetings
Join advisory panels or plan teams
Advocate for tribal seats and policy reforms
Monitor Council actions on bycatch, habitat, and quotas -
What It Is:
NOAA is a federal science and regulatory agency within the U.S. Department of Commerce. It is responsible for understanding and predicting changes in climate, weather, oceans, and coasts—and for conserving and managing marine ecosystems and resources. NOAA plays a major role in fisheries management, marine mammal protection, climate resilience, and tribal consultation in Alaska.NOAA operates through several key offices that impact Alaska Native communities:
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS): Manages commercial, recreational, and subsistence fisheries in federal waters, including salmon, halibut, and crab.
Office of Protected Resources: Oversees marine mammal and endangered species protections.
National Weather Service (NWS): Provides forecasts and warnings for extreme weather events.
Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR): Supports climate and ocean science.
National Ocean Service (NOS): Focuses on coastal resilience and habitat conservation.
Tribal Engagement & Co-Management
NOAA is legally required to consult with federally recognized Tribes under Executive Order 13175. In Alaska, NOAA Fisheries has developed a Tribal Consultation Protocol to guide respectful, government-to-government engagement.
Marine Mammal Co-Management
Under Section 119 of the Marine Mammal Protection Act, NOAA can enter into co-management agreements with Alaska Native Organizations (ANOs) to:
Monitor subsistence harvests
Conduct joint research
Share Traditional Knowledge (TK)
Develop conservation strategies collaboratively
These agreements recognize Alaska Native stewardship and support sustainable harvests rooted in cultural practice.
Climate Resilience & Tribal Support
NOAA partners with Alaska Native organizations like the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium (ANTHC) to address climate impacts such as erosion, flooding, and permafrost thaw. Through programs like Sea Grant, NOAA provides funding and technical assistance for community-led adaptation and planning.
Why It Matters for Tribes:
NOAA’s decisions affect access to marine resources, subsistence rights, and climate resilience. Tribal advocates can engage through:Co-management agreements
Tribal consultations
Public comment on fisheries plans
Climate adaptation partnerships
Key Legal Authorities
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act: Governs federal fisheries and requires NOAA to consult on essential fish habitat.
Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA): Protects marine mammals and allows subsistence harvests by Alaska Natives.
Endangered Species Act (ESA): Requires NOAA to protect listed marine species and consult with Tribes on impacts.
Executive Order 13175: Mandates meaningful consultation with Tribes on federal actions affecting them.
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Federal Proposal Processes for Subsistence Management in Alaska
NOAA Fisheries Proposal Process
What It Is:
NOAA Fisheries manages marine resources in federal waters (3–200 miles offshore), including commercial, recreational, and subsistence fisheries. Tribes can engage through regional councils, tribal consultation, co-management agreements, and public comment.Ways to Engage:
1. Submit Proposals via the North Pacific Fishery Management Council (NPFMC)
Tribes can propose changes to federal fishery regulations (e.g., gear types, seasons, quotas).
Proposals are reviewed by technical committees and voted on by the Council.
Final recommendations go to NOAA Fisheries for approval.
2. Tribal Consultation
Tribes can request formal consultation under Executive Order 13175.
Contact NOAA’s Alaska Tribal Coordinator: Amilee.Wilson@noaa.gov NOAA Tribal Consultations
3. Co-Management Agreements
Under the Marine Mammal Protection Act, NOAA can enter into co-management agreements with Alaska Native Organizations.
These agreements support joint research, monitoring, and subsistence harvest management.
4. Public Comment on Proposed Rules
NOAA publishes proposed regulations in the Federal Register.
Tribes and the public can submit comments online at regulations.gov
Federal Subsistence Board (FSB) Proposal Process
What It Is:
The FSB manages subsistence hunting, trapping, and fishing on federal public lands and waters in Alaska under ANILCA Title VIII. It oversees regulations, customary and traditional use determinations, and prioritizes rural subsistence users.Ways to Engage:
1. Submit a Proposal to Change Federal Subsistence Regulations
Anyone (including Tribes) can submit proposals to change:
Season dates
Harvest limits
Methods and means
Customary and traditional use determinations
Wildlife Proposals: Accepted in odd-numbered years
Fisheries Proposals: Accepted in even-numbered years
Proposal windows open for at least 30 days in late winterHow to Submit:
By mail or hand delivery:
Office of Subsistence Management
Attn: Regulations
1011 E. Tudor Road, MS-121
Anchorage, AK 99503Online: regulations.gov
At Regional Advisory Council meetings
What to Include:
Your name and contact info
Organization (if applicable)
Species and management unit
Current regulation (or state “new regulation”)
Proposed language
Justification and supporting info
2. Special Action Requests
For urgent or temporary changes outside the regular cycle.
Must meet criteria for conservation, public safety, or subsistence need.
3. Request for Reconsideration
If a proposal is denied, Tribes can request reconsideration with new evidence or justification.
4. Participate in Regional Advisory Council (RAC) Meetings
RACs review proposals and make recommendations to the FSB.
Tribes can testify, submit comments, and serve on RACs.
Why It Matters for Tribes:
Federal proposal processes allow Tribes to shape subsistence policy, protect access to culturally vital species, and assert stewardship. These systems prioritize rural subsistence users, but tribal engagement ensures Indigenous knowledge and rights are respected. -
Passed: 1976
What It Does:
MSA is the primary federal law governing fisheries in U.S. ocean waters (3–200 miles offshore). It:Created eight Regional Fishery Management Councils, including the North Pacific Fishery Management Council (NPFMC) for Alaska
Requires science-based management to prevent overfishing and rebuild depleted stocks
Promotes stakeholder participation, including Tribes
Why It Matters for Tribes:
MSA has historically lacked tribal representation. Recent efforts aim to add tribal voting seats to the NPFMC and recognize subsistence fishing as a priority. Tribes can engage through council meetings, public comment, and proposed amendments. -
Citation: Public Law 96-487 (1980)
What It Does:
ANILCA protected over 100 million acres of federal land in Alaska and created a rural subsistence priority on federal lands and waters. Title VIII:Guarantees subsistence access for rural residents
Created the Federal Subsistence Board (FSB) and Regional Advisory Councils (RACs)
Requires federal agencies to consider subsistence in land use decisions
Why It Matters for Tribes:
ANILCA is the strongest federal protection for subsistence, but it defines eligibility by rural status, not tribal affiliation. Tribes must engage in FSB proposals, RACs, and consultation to ensure Indigenous rights are upheld. -
Citation: Public Law 92-203 (1971)
What It Does:
ANCSA extinguished Alaska Native land claims and created 12 regional and over 200 village corporations to receive 44 million acres and $962.5 million. It:Replaced reservations with corporate land ownership
Did not protect hunting and fishing rights
Created a complex system of surface and subsurface land ownership
Why It Matters for Tribes:
ANCSA left many Tribes landless and without guaranteed subsistence rights. It shifted tribal governance toward corporate structures, complicating sovereignty and stewardship. ANILCA was later passed to address subsistence gaps left by ANCSA. -
Passed: 1972
What It Does:
MMPA protects marine mammals from harassment, hunting, and depletion. It includes:An Alaska Native exemption for subsistence harvest and handicrafts
Section 119, which allows co-management agreements between Tribes and federal agencies (NOAA & FWS)
Why It Matters for Tribes:
MMPA supports tribal co-management of species like seals, whales, and walrus. However, current rules limit harvest eligibility to those with ¼ Alaska Native blood quantum, excluding many descendants. Tribes are advocating to change this definition. -
Passed: 1973
What It Does:
ESA protects species at risk of extinction and their habitats. It requires:Federal agencies to consult with NOAA or FWS before actions that may affect listed species
Consideration of tribal conservation plans and impacts on tribal lands
Why It Matters for Tribes:
ESA can restrict subsistence access if species are listed. Tribes can engage through Section 7 consultations, submit conservation plans, and apply for funding to support ESA compliance and habitat restoration. -
Issued: 2000
What It Does:
EO 13175 requires federal agencies to:Consult Tribes on policies with tribal implications
Respect tribal sovereignty and the government-to-government relationship
Avoid unfunded mandates and preemption of tribal law
Why It Matters for Tribes:
EO 13175 is the foundation for tribal consultation across all federal agencies. It ensures Tribes have a voice in decisions affecting subsistence, land, and culture. Agencies must develop consultation plans and designate tribal liaisons.
Advocacy Readiness Tools
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[Your Tribal Organization’s Letterhead]
[Date]To:
[Agency Name or Board Name]
[Address or Email]
[Subject Line: Comment on Proposal/Regulation – [Proposal Number or Title]]Dear [Board Chair / Agency Official / Federal Subsistence Board / NOAA Regional Administrator],
My name is [Your Full Name], and I am writing on behalf of [Tribe or Tribal Organization Name], a federally recognized Tribe located in [Region/Community Name]. We appreciate the opportunity to provide comments on [Proposal Title or Regulatory Action], which directly affects our community’s access to and stewardship of fish and wildlife resources.
1. Background & Tribal Interest
[Tribe Name] has a long-standing cultural, nutritional, and spiritual relationship with [species or resource], which is central to our subsistence way of life. Our community relies on [species] for food security, cultural continuity, and intergenerational knowledge transfer.
We have actively participated in [Board/Agency processes, RACs, co-management agreements, etc.] and continue to advocate for Indigenous-led stewardship and equitable access to fish and wildlife.
2. Position on the Proposal
We [support / oppose / recommend changes to] Proposal [Number or Title] for the following reasons:
[Reason 1]: [Explain how the proposal affects subsistence access, conservation, or tribal rights]
[Reason 2]: [Include Traditional Knowledge, local observations, or community impacts]
[Reason 3]: [Reference relevant laws or policies, such as ANILCA, MMPA, EO 13175]
3. Recommendations
We respectfully request the following actions:
[Adopt / Amend / Reject] Proposal [Number]
Incorporate Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) from [Tribe Name]
Consult with our Tribe prior to final decisions
Ensure that any regulatory changes do not disproportionately impact rural or Indigenous communities
4. Closing
We thank you for considering our comments and urge you to uphold the principles of tribal consultation, subsistence protection, and co-stewardship. Please contact us at [Phone Number] or [Email Address] if you have questions or would like to schedule a meeting.
Sincerely,
[Your Name]
[Title]
[Tribe or Tribal Organization Name]
[Contact Information] -
[Tribe or Tribal Organization Name]
Resolution No. [Year-###]A Resolution Supporting [Insert Advocacy Goal, e.g., Co‑Management Readiness for Fish & Wildlife Stewardship]
WHEREAS, the [Tribe Name] is a federally recognized Tribe with inherent sovereignty and a deep cultural, spiritual, and subsistence connection to the lands, waters, fish, and wildlife of [Region or Watershed Name]; and
WHEREAS, the [Tribe Name] has exercised stewardship over [species or ecosystem] since time immemorial, guided by Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), cultural teachings, and intergenerational responsibility; and
WHEREAS, the [Tribe Name] recognizes the need to engage in formal co‑management partnerships with federal and state agencies to protect subsistence rights, restore salmon populations, and ensure equitable access to fish and wildlife resources; and
WHEREAS, the [Tribe Name] supports readiness efforts including capacity building, policy development, data sovereignty, youth and elder engagement, and integration of TEK with Western science; and
WHEREAS, federal and state laws—including the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA), the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), and Executive Order 13175—affirm the rights of Tribes to participate in decision-making and co‑stewardship of natural resources;
NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, that the [Tribe Name] formally adopts [Insert Advocacy Goal] as a priority and commits to:
Advancing tribal co‑management readiness through strategic planning, training, and intergovernmental engagement;
Participating in regulatory processes including proposal submissions, advisory committees, and consultations with the Alaska Boards of Fisheries and Game, the Federal Subsistence Board, and NOAA Fisheries;
Collaborating with other Alaska Native Tribes and First Nations to strengthen Indigenous governance across the Yukon River and beyond;
Advocating for tribal representation, subsistence protections, and the recognition of Indigenous Knowledge in all fish and wildlife management systems.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that this resolution shall be shared with relevant agencies, partners, and coalitions to affirm the [Tribe Name]’s commitment to Indigenous-led stewardship and co‑management.
CERTIFICATION
Adopted by the [Tribe Name] on this ___ day of _________, 20.
Signed:
[Name], Tribal Council Chair
[Name], Tribal Secretary
[Name], Council Member
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Submit to:
Alaska Department of Fish and Game – Boards Support Section
Email: dfg.bog.comments@alaska.gov
Fax: (907) 465-6094
Mail: P.O. Box 115526, Juneau, AK 99811-55261. Name and Contact Information
Submitted by: [Your Full Name or Tribal Organization Name]
Mailing Address: [Street, City, State, Zip]
Phone: [Phone Number]
Email: [Email Address]
Representing: [Self / Tribe / Advisory Committee / Organization]
2. Proposal Title
Brief Title: [e.g., “Establish a Cultural and Subsistence Moose Hunt in GMU 4”]
3. Regulation Citation
Current Regulation Number (if applicable): [e.g., 5 AAC 85.045(a)(4) – Hunting Seasons and Bag Limits for Moose]
4. What is the Problem?
Describe the issue with the current regulation or management practice.
Example:
“Current regulations do not provide adequate subsistence access for tribal members in GMU 4, where moose populations are stable but harvest opportunities are limited.”5. What is Your Proposed Solution?
Clearly state the change you are proposing.
Example:
“Create a new cultural and subsistence hunt for federally recognized tribal members in GMU 4 from October 1–15, with a bag limit of one antlered bull moose per household.”6. What is the Justification for Your Proposal?
Explain why this change is needed. Include biological, cultural, conservation, or equity-based reasons.
Example:
“This proposal supports food sovereignty, cultural continuity, and equitable access for Alaska Native communities. It aligns with sustained yield principles and does not conflict with conservation goals.”7. What Will Happen if Nothing is Done?
Describe the consequences of inaction.
Example:
“Tribal members will continue to face barriers to subsistence harvest, leading to food insecurity and erosion of cultural practices.”8. Does Your Proposal Address a Specific Area or Species?
Species: [e.g., Moose]
Game Management Unit (GMU): [e.g., GMU 4]
9. Additional Information or Attachments
Include maps, photos, harvest data, TEK, or letters of support if available.
Submission Checklist
Proposal is clearly written and complete
Regulation citation is included
Justification includes cultural and biological context
Proposal is submitted before the deadline (typically May 1)
Supporting materials are attached (if applicable)
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Submit to:
Alaska Department of Fish and Game – Boards Support Section
Email: dfg.bof.comments@alaska.gov
Fax: (907) 465-6094
Mail: P.O. Box 115526, Juneau, AK 99811-55261. Name and Contact Information
Submitted by: [Your Full Name or Tribal Organization Name]
Mailing Address: [Street, City, State, Zip]
Phone: [Phone Number]
Email: [Email Address]
Representing: [Self / Tribe / Advisory Committee / Organization]
2. Proposal Title
Brief Title: [e.g., “Establish a Cultural and Subsistence Salmon Fishery in the Yukon River”]
3. Regulation Citation
Current Regulation Number (if applicable): [e.g., 5 AAC 01.240 – Subsistence Fishing Schedules]
4. What is the Problem?
Describe the issue with the current regulation or management practice.
Example:
“Current fishing schedules do not reflect the cultural timing and needs of tribal communities along the Yukon River, limiting access to salmon during traditional harvest periods.”5. What is Your Proposed Solution?
Clearly state the change you are proposing.
Example:
“Amend the fishing schedule to allow a tribal subsistence opening from June 15–20 in District 4, with gear types limited to set gillnets and fish wheels operated by tribal members.”6. What is the Justification for Your Proposal?
Explain why this change is needed. Include biological, cultural, conservation, or equity-based reasons.
Example:
“This proposal supports food sovereignty, cultural continuity, and equitable access for Alaska Native communities. It aligns with escapement goals and does not conflict with conservation objectives.”7. What Will Happen if Nothing is Done?
Describe the consequences of inaction.
Example:
“Tribal members will continue to face barriers to salmon harvest, leading to food insecurity and loss of cultural practices tied to seasonal fishing.”8. Does Your Proposal Address a Specific Area or Species?
Species: [e.g., Chinook Salmon]
Fishery District or Area: [e.g., Yukon River District 4]
9. Additional Information or Attachments
Include maps, harvest data, TEK, photos, or letters of support if available.
Submission Checklist
Proposal is clearly written and complete
Regulation citation is included
Justification includes cultural and biological context
Proposal is submitted before the deadline (typically April 10)
Supporting materials are attached (if applicable)
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[Tribe or Organization Name]
Meeting Title: [e.g., Co‑Management Readiness Planning Session]
Date: [MM/DD/YYYY]
Time: [Start – End Time]
Location: [Physical or Virtual Meeting Location]
Facilitator/Chair: [Name]
Recorder: [Name]🗓️ Agenda
Opening & Welcome
Invocation or cultural opening (if applicable)
Roll call / attendance
Approval of previous meeting minutes
Review of Agenda
Additions or changes
Updates & Reports
[e.g., Tribal Council updates, agency correspondence, funding status]
Discussion Items
[Topic 1: e.g., Drafting BOG/BOF Proposal]
[Topic 2: e.g., Co‑Management Readiness Goals]
[Topic 3: e.g., Youth & Elder Engagement Strategy]
Action Items
[e.g., Assign drafting team for resolution]
[e.g., Schedule consultation with NOAA or FSB]
Public or Member Comments
Open floor for input
Next Steps & Meeting Date
Confirm action items
Set next meeting date/time
Adjournment
📝 Meeting Minutes
Attendance:
[List names and affiliations of attendees]Summary of Key Discussions:
Topic 1: [Brief summary of discussion and perspectives shared]
Topic 2: [Include any decisions made or consensus reached]
Decisions Made:
[e.g., Approved draft proposal for GMU 4 moose hunt]
[e.g., Agreed to submit comment letter to BOF by April 10]
Action Items:
[Write the task, who its assigned to, and a deadline]
Next Meeting:
[Date, time, location]Adjourned at: [Time]
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This Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) is entered into by and between:
[Tribe Name]
and
[Partner Agency or Organization Name]1. Purpose
The purpose of this MOU is to establish a framework for collaboration between the parties to support [insert shared goals, e.g., co-management of fish and wildlife resources, subsistence protection, data sharing, youth engagement, habitat restoration, etc.].
2. Background
[Provide context for the partnership, including relevant history, community needs, and legal or policy frameworks such as ANILCA, MMPA, or Executive Order 13175. Describe the importance of the issue and why collaboration is needed.]
3. Roles and Responsibilities
Each party agrees to the following roles and responsibilities:
[Tribe Name]:
[List responsibilities, e.g., provide Traditional Knowledge, participate in meetings, lead community engagement, contribute to monitoring and stewardship.][Partner Agency/Organization Name]:
[List responsibilities, e.g., provide technical support, share data, fund activities, facilitate regulatory processes.]4. Terms of Agreement
This MOU shall become effective upon the date of the last signature and shall remain in effect for [insert duration, e.g., three years], unless terminated earlier by mutual agreement of both parties.
5. Amendments
This MOU may be amended at any time by written agreement signed by both parties.
6. Signatures
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Memorandum of Understanding as of the dates written below.
[Tribe Name]
By:
Title:
Date:[Partner Agency/Organization Name]
By:
Title:
Date:What an MOU Can Be Used For:
A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) is a formal, non-binding agreement that outlines the intent of two or more parties to collaborate. It can be used to:
Establish co-management partnerships for fish, wildlife, or habitat stewardship
Define roles in subsistence monitoring, data sharing, or restoration projects
Formalize tribal consultation protocols with agencies
Support grant applications or joint initiatives
Clarify expectations in intertribal coalitions or regional working groups
Document shared commitments to Indigenous Knowledge integration and community engagement
MOUs are especially useful for building trust, accountability, and clarity in partnerships without requiring the legal complexity of contracts.
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This Co‑Management Agreement is entered into by and between:
[Tribe Name]
and
[Agency/Organization Name]Effective Date: ______________________
1. Purpose
The purpose of this Agreement is to establish a formal co‑management partnership between the parties to collaboratively steward, monitor, and manage [insert species, habitat, or resource area], in a manner that respects tribal sovereignty, integrates Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), and supports sustainable access for subsistence and cultural use.
2. Background
[Provide context for the partnership, including the Tribe’s relationship to the resource, relevant history, and legal or policy frameworks such as ANILCA, MMPA Section 119, Executive Order 13175, or state co‑management initiatives.]
3. Guiding Principles
This Agreement is grounded in the following principles:
Recognition of tribal sovereignty and self-determination
Respect for Indigenous Knowledge systems and cultural practices
Commitment to sustained yield and ecological integrity
Transparency, accountability, and mutual respect
Shared decision-making and equitable participation
4. Scope of Agreement
This Agreement applies to the co‑management of [insert species or area], within [insert geographic scope]. It includes activities such as:
Subsistence harvest monitoring
Joint research and data collection
Habitat restoration and protection
Policy development and regulatory input
Public education and outreach
Emergency response coordination
5. Roles and Responsibilities
[Tribe Name] agrees to:
Provide Traditional Knowledge and community input
Participate in co‑management meetings and decision-making
Lead community engagement and cultural education
Monitor harvests and report findings
Collaborate on research and restoration projects
[Agency/Organization Name] agrees to:
Provide technical and scientific support
Share data and regulatory updates
Facilitate funding and capacity-building opportunities
Respect tribal consultation protocols
Support implementation of co‑management decisions
6. Cultural Protocol Guidelines
The parties agree to uphold the following cultural protocols in all aspects of this co‑management partnership:
Respect for Elders and Knowledge Holders: Elders and cultural leaders will be consulted and acknowledged in decision-making processes.
Ceremonial and Seasonal Timing: Activities will be scheduled in alignment with cultural calendars, seasonal cycles, and ceremonial practices.
Consent and Reciprocity: Tribal consent will be obtained before sharing or publishing Traditional Knowledge. Benefits to the community will be clearly defined and reciprocated.
Language and Representation: Tribal languages, place names, and cultural terms will be honored in communications, signage, and documentation.
Youth and Community Inclusion: Youth engagement and intergenerational learning will be prioritized in stewardship activities.
Data Sovereignty: Any data collected in partnership will be governed by tribal data protocols and shared only with tribal approval.
7. Governance Structure
The parties agree to establish a Co‑Management Working Group composed of representatives from each party. The group will meet [insert frequency] and operate by consensus. Additional advisory members (e.g., elders, youth, scientists) may be invited as needed.
8. Funding and Resources
[Insert any agreements about funding, grants, staffing, or shared resources. Include commitments to pursue joint funding opportunities if applicable.]
9. Term and Renewal
This Agreement shall remain in effect for a period of [insert duration] from the effective date, unless terminated earlier by mutual agreement. The Agreement may be renewed or amended upon written consent of both parties.
10. Dispute Resolution
Any disputes arising under this Agreement shall be resolved through good-faith negotiation between the parties. If unresolved, the matter may be referred to a mutually agreed-upon mediator.
11. Signatures
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Co‑Management Agreement as of the dates written below.
[Tribe Name]
By:
Title:
Date:[Agency/Organization Name]
By:
Title:
Date:
The Native Vote & Subsistence
Fishing and hunting in Alaska are directly impacted by who we vote into office. Elected officials shape the laws, budgets, and appointments that govern subsistence access, tribal consultation, and co-management. The Native Vote is a vital tool of sovereignty it’s how we protect our food systems, our families, and our future.
Call to Action
Register to vote and help others do the same.
Vote early or on Election Day.
Support candidates who respect tribal sovereignty and subsistence.
Track legislation and rulemaking that affects your community.
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Voting empowers tribes to elect leaders who respect tribal governance, uphold treaty obligations, and support co-management of lands and resources.
Suppressing Native votes is not just a civil rights issue—it’s a sovereignty issue. When Native voices are excluded, tribal governments lose influence over decisions that affect their people.
“Suppressing the Native vote not only denies rights to individual citizens but also denies sovereign power to tribes.”
— Yale Law Journal [yalelawjournal.org]
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Alaska Native communities depend on subsistence hunting and fishing for survival and cultural continuity.
State-level decisions (like SB 97) and federal rulemaking (like SCI’s petition) can erode subsistence protections unless Native voters elect officials who understand and defend these rights.
“Subsistence is not a sport—it is survival, culture, and sovereignty.”
— AVCP/KRITFC Response
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Native voters prioritize climate action, salmon habitat restoration, and mental health services—issues often overlooked without strong Indigenous turnout.
“The climate crisis has led to the decline of natural resources, like salmon and fish habitats, which is impacting subsistence living throughout the state.”
— IllumiNative Indigenous Futures Survey [illuminative.org] -
Alaska Native voters have swung key races, including U.S. Senate elections. Their turnout can determine who controls Congress or the state legislature.
“Sen. Lisa Murkowski credits her victory in the 2010 election to the significant power of the Alaska Native vote.”
- Aspen Institute [aspeninstitute.org] -
Voting is a tool for self-determination and intergenerational justice. It ensures that Native youth inherit a system that values their voice and protects their rights.
Stewardship in Alaska: Tribal Sovereignty in Action
Defending Lifeways, Sustaining Lands, and Leading the Future of Fish & Wildlife Management in Alaska
Across Alaska, Indigenous Peoples have stewarded fish, wildlife, and ecosystems since time immemorial. Today, that stewardship continues through powerful acts of sovereignty, cultural responsibility, and community-led advocacy. This page uplifts the work of Alaska Native Tribes, Tribal coalitions, and grassroots leaders who are reclaiming their rightful role in managing the lands and waters that sustain us. From protecting salmon runs to defending caribou migrations, we are advancing Indigenous governance, food security, and intergenerational knowledge to ensure a just and thriving future for all.
Guiding Principles
Stewardship First
Healing and protecting our traditional lands and waters first. Managing fish and wildlife for future generations, and not just for the next season. Precautionary management decisions when data is uncertain or lacking, and intergenerational responsibility to practice being good future ancestors.
Tribal Sovereignty
229+ federally recognized tribes in Alaska. Tribes are sovereign governments, NOT a stakeholder group. Engagement is government‑to‑government. Sovereignty is political, not racial, it’s about self-determination. It is crucial to honor sovereignty at every stage of the process.
Two‑Eyed Seeing
TEK and Western science are complementary, not contradictory. They work together to produce decision‑quality knowledge that respects people and place. Don’t merge, don’t rank, connect with respect. See with one eye the strengths of TEK, see with the other eye the strengths of Western science. Use both together for the benefit of all.
Indigenous Data Sovereignty
Indigenous Data Sovereignty is about self-determination in the digital age. The right of Indigenous Peoples to govern data about their peoples, lands, and resources. It protects cultural knowledge and ensures data supports Indigenous priorities. If Indigenous Peoples don’t control data, decisions can harm rather than help.
Call to Action: Defend Tribal Sovereignty & Stewardship
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Stand with Alaska Native Tribes in defending our inherent rights to govern our lands, waters, and resources. Demand Tribal consultation, co-management, and full recognition of Indigenous governance in every decision that affects our communities. Sovereignty is not symbolic, it must shape policy, funding, and enforcement.
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Subsistence is survival. It is culture, ceremony, and connection. Speak out against policies that threaten access to traditional foods and hunting and fishing grounds. Support Tribal-led stewardship that ensures food security and intergenerational knowledge for our people.
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Learn the history. Share the truth. Uplift Indigenous teachings and stewardship practices rooted in millennia of care for the Yukon River and surrounding ecosystems. Use your voice to amplify Tribal advocacy, stories, and resistance.
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Attend public hearings. Submit comments on wildlife and subsistence proposals. Organize community discussions. Support Tribal councils, youth, and elders in shaping local stewardship plans. Every voice matters, especially yours.
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Donate, volunteer, or partner with Native-led organizations. Your support strengthens Indigenous organizing, education, and policy advocacy across Alaska. Help build the future we deserve.